# Sample Representation#

A core component of volumetric rendering is computing samples along a ray. The representation of these samples is important. We use conical frustums to represent samples. The conical frustums are defined via the following parameters:

Parameter

Dimension

Description

origin

3

The x,y,z origin of the ray

direction

3

The direction of the ray represented as a unit vector

pixel area

1

The pixel’s area a distance of 1 from the origin

start

1

The distance at which the frustum starts

end

1

The distance at which the frustums ends

Note

Why conical frustums and not pyramidal frustums? Those interested in this question may be interested in A Pixel Is Not A Little Square by Alvy Ray Smith.

Important

This representation is only an approximation. nerfstudio calculates $$pixel area$$ as $$dx * dy$$ where $$dx$$ and $$dy$$ are the distance between points neighboring rays in the $$x$$ and $$y$$ direction a distance of 1 from the origin.

## 3D Frustum#

# COLLAPSED
import torch
from nerfstudio.cameras.cameras import Cameras, CameraType
from nerfstudio.utils import plotly_utils as vis
import plotly.graph_objects as go

cx = 2.0
cy = 2.0
fx = 10.0
fy = 10.0

num_samples = 3
near_plane = 1
far_plane = 3

c2w = torch.eye(4)[None, :3, :]
camera = Cameras(fx=fx, fy=fy, cx=cx, cy=cy, camera_to_worlds=c2w, camera_type=CameraType.PERSPECTIVE)
ray_bundle = camera.generate_rays(camera_indices=0)

bins = torch.linspace(near_plane, far_plane, num_samples + 1)[..., None]
ray_samples = ray_bundle.get_ray_samples(bin_starts=bins[:-1, :], bin_ends=bins[1:, :])

vis_rays = vis.get_ray_bundle_lines(ray_bundle, color="teal", length=far_plane)

fig = go.Figure(data=[vis_rays] + vis.get_frustums_mesh_list(ray_samples.frustums), layout=webdocs_layout)
fig.show()